Saturn V Rocket Nozzle

The Saturn V rocket's F-1 engine nozzle, designed to endure extreme conditions, was made from nickel alloy tubes and measured about 12 feet in diameter. It featured regenerative cooling with liquid oxygen and RP-1 propellant to withstand 6,000°F exhaust temperatures. Each nozzle produced around 1.5 million pounds of thrust, contributing to a total of 7.5 million pounds at liftoff. Its expanding bell design optimized exhaust velocity, enhancing efficiency and managing the thermal and mechanical stresses during the first stage of the Apollo missions.